(A) Some extra prefix for units (Table 1.4 on P. 11):

10¹²     tera
10¹⁵     peta
10¹⁸     exa
and
10^–15     femta
10^–18     atto

Also, you need to get familiar with the scientific notation for each of the prefix in the table.

(B) The "Density of water versus Temperature" plot on P. 26 is not labeled correctly, and can be a misleading!!
The Y-axis of course can not be from 0.0 to 1.0 as it looks like.
Here are the best measurements:
Water attains its maximum density of 0.999973 g/cm^–3 (Yes, close enough to 1.000 g/cm^–3) at 3.98 ºC (Yeah, close to 4.0 ºC), and is 0.99985 and 0.99894 g/cm^–3 at 8.0 and 16.0 ºC, respectively. Now you can see the plot has been much exaggerated!

(C) The simple calorimeter on P. 32 has been set up correctly. However, what you need to know is that the thermometer measures the change in temperature of the reaction of the "liquid-like" stuff in the cups. Since heat is more or less prevented from flowing through the two styrofoam cups, the change in temperature is thus a measure of the heat generated (if an exothermic reaction) or absorbed (if endothermic) by the reaction.